Medicinal Chemistry

Questions: 1. Consider, for instance, leading a microbiological measure where restraint of development of microscopic organisms is resolved when various groupings of medications are applied. What components may prompt inconstancy or mistakes inside the outcomes and how could these varieties or blunders be minimised?2. For what reason is it essential to have data on physico-compound properties, (for example, logarithm of the octanol:water segment coefficient (log P) and log watery solvency (log S)) in medicate advancement for example what job do these properties play in deciding plan and medication take-up/appropriation in the body?3. Is anticipating ADME and likely poisonousness of medication up-and-comers from the get-go in the medication improvement process significant or should the focal point of research be to augment viability of the competitor atoms? Your answer ought to incorporate a conversation of the points of interest and impediments of utilizing straightforward screening instruments , for example, Total polar surface territory (TPSA), infringement for Lipinskis Rule of Fives and number of rotatable securities might be utilized in screening and standardized event proportions (NORs), likely harmfulness and digestion? Answer: 1. Microbiological measures are generally directed in the research facility to check the bacterial development hindrance within the sight of various medication focus. This can be acted in a plates containing development medium. Zone of comparability is found inside the plates, which speaks to the fixation at which a specific microbial development is restrained by specific medication (Zuccheri and Asproulis, 2012). Different components may influence the outcomes. These are ill-advised arrangement of development medium, ill-advised choice of the populace number, imbalanced dampness, pH, supplement substance of the development medium. These blunders can be limited by keeping up appropriate sterile condition during development medium planning, right determination of medication focus. 2. LogP and logs coefficients are recognized as the most significant boundaries for lipophilicity appraisal, estimation of concoction mixes dissolvability and assurance of pharmacokinetic properties. Propens ity of particles to get break up in lipids is commonly determined as logP. Inclination of particles to get disintegrate in water lipids is commonly determined as logS (Sun, 2004). In this way, when a medication atom is created, it is a lot of basic to comprehend the fundamental property of that specific particle, regardless of whether that atom will be taken up by the human framework and dispersed appropriately inside a specific timeframe, henceforth evaluation of logP and logs is a lot of huge. 3. Expectation of retention, dissemination, digestion and discharge and potential medication poisonousness at first during the medication advancement process is significant and the related research center ought to be made to augment the viability of the competitor atom. This is on the grounds that it helps in anticipating compound hindrance, for example, CYP3A4 Noninhibitor, CYP2D6 Noninhibitor, CYP2C19 Noninhibitor, CYP2C9 Noninhibitor, CYP1A2 Inhibitor. Fluvoxamine is a solid CYP1A2 Inhibitor and restrains a portion of the cytochrome P450 proteins, as: CYP3A4, CYP2C9 and so forth. Hence, fluvoxamine keeps hardly any metabolic pathways from rewarding for CYP1A2 hindrance. This sort of enzymatic hindrance or non-restraint can be anticipated with the assistance of screening instruments, which is considered as favorable position. Impediments may incorporate intemperate adsorption techniques or framework catching or covalent bound or immobilization strategies, low amount enzymatic actio n alongside the confinement of mass exchange. ADME properties incorporate ingestion, conveyance, digestion and discharge and potential medication poisonousness and these properties decide the medication manner once a medication goes into the framework. Complete polar surface territory or TPSA of an applicant particle is distinguished as the total of the surface over polar iotas, for instance: nitrogen, oxygen, including connected hydrogens (Chatwal, 2010). TPSA is utilized to upgrade the capacity of an applicant medication to pervade cells. Particles with in excess of 140 squared are probably going to be poor at cell film pervasion. Lipinskis rule of five assesses sedate likeliness and see if a substance compound with specific natural or pharmacological action has trademark properties, which would make the intensify a normal orally dynamic medication in people. For the most part orally expended drugs are relatively little and lipophilic particles. The upside of Lipinskis decide of f ive is that it delineates the noteworthiness of certain atomic properties for a specific medication pharmacokinetics inside the human framework. This incorporates retention, circulation, digestion and discharge. The significant hindrance of this standard is that it doesn't ascertain whether the applicant atom is dynamic pharmacologically. To foresee an up-and-comer particle, the nuclear condition in the up-and-comer atom is determined and afterward database is scanned for similar environmental factors. Event proportion quantifies how regularly the comparative encompassing has been found, contrasted and how every now and again it has been discovered altogether, and afterward is determined for singular iota in the competitor particle (Carlsson et al., 2010). This proportion present near likelihood of digestion occurring at singular particle yet the drawback is that it doesn't anticipate whether the applicant atom experiences digestion. References Carlsson, L., Spjuth, O., Adams, S., Glen, R. what's more, Boyer, S. (2010). Utilization of memorable metabolic biotransformation information as a methods for envisioning metabolic locales utilizing MetaPrint2D and Bioclipse.BMC Bioinformatics, 11(1), p.362. Chatwal, G. (2010).Medicinal science. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House. Sun, H. (2004). A Universal Molecular Descriptor System for Prediction of LogP, LogS, LogBB, and Absorption.Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 44(2), pp.748-757. Zuccheri, G. what's more, Asproulis, N. (2012).Detection of pathogens in water utilizing small scale and nano-innovation. London: IWA Publishing.

Determination of the Enthalpy for Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide Essay Example

Assurance of the Enthalpy for Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide Paper Assurance of the Enthalpy for Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide Objective: To build an espresso mug calorimeter, measure its calorimeter steady, and decide the enthalpy of disintegration and arrangement of hydrogen peroxide. Foundation: This trial is an exemplary thermodynamics lab. In it, we endeavor to gauge the enthalpy (? H) of a concoction response. The principle obstruction is this is an amount that can't be estimated legitimately. It rather is seen as warmth starting with one substance is moved then onto the next while being checked with a thermometer. A temperature change in a referred to substance, (for example, water) can be identified with a specific measure of warmth (q). q ? ? mass ? ?T f ? Ti ? ? Explicit warmth ? Our calorimeter will be a lot of Styrofoam espresso cups. These cups are notable separators, and they should keep most warmth inside themselves. They are not great, be that as it may, and they will assimilate a portion of the warmth from the procedure, so we have to decide the calorimeter consistent. For any procedure, the primary law of thermodynamics must be followed. ?E ? 0 ? qsystem ? environmental factors However, on the off chance that the calorimeter itself will ingest some vitality, it must be represented also. ?E ? 0 ? qsystem ? qsurroundings ? qcalorimeter In the principal bit of our examination, a known mass of water with a realized temperature will be utilized to decide how much vitality is being consumed by the calorimeter. When this is known, the adjustment in enthalpy from the disintegration of hydro gen peroxide can be resolved. 2H2O2(aq) ? 2H2O(l) + O2(g) An answer of hydrogen peroxide will be added to the calorimeter and its temperature will be observed for a brief timeframe. We will compose a custom exposition test on Determination of the Enthalpy for Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Determination of the Enthalpy for Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Determination of the Enthalpy for Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer A modest quantity of iron nitrate will be added to catalyze the response and produce a quantifiable temperature change. This temperature change will be plotted after some time. Utilizing this plot, the mass of arrangement, its particular warmth, the calorimeter steady, and the temperature change, we will have the option to decide the enthalpy for the response. Strategy Week One †Determination of the calorimeter consistent Objective †To quantify the measure of vitality consumed by the calorimeter while watching an adjustment in temperature. 1. Utilizing a top stacking balance, decide the mass of Styrofoam cup and a mix bar. . Spot about 100mL of warm deionized water in the cup. Screen its temperature for 3-4 minutes. Record the temperature consistently. 3. Utilizing a top stacking balance, decide the mass of a subsequent Styrofoam cup and a mix bar. 4. Spot about 100mL of room temperature water in the cup. Screen its temperature for 34 minutes. Record the temperature consist ently. 5. When the temperature of the warm water is around 20? C over the room temperature water, rapidly empty it into the room temperature water. Keep observing the temperature and recording it consistently. . Following a few minutes, when the temperature is done evolving rapidly, record the mass of the consolidated water. 7. Rehash this technique in any event once again. Week One †Preparation of a standard potassium permanganate arrangement Objective: To set up a potassium permanganate arrangement with a known focus. This will be utilized in a subsequent week to normalize a hydrogen peroxide arrangement. 1. Acquire enough potassium permanganate to make 250. 0mL of a 0. 02M arrangement. NOTE: Use the systematic equalization for this activity. It isn't important to get precisely the sum you determined. It is just imperative to be near this sum, and to record the sum you took precisely. 2. Break up this in a modest quantity of water before weakening it to a last volume of 250. 0mL in a volumetric flagon. 3. Move this to a perfect dry container, and store it for use one week from now. Week Two †Determination of the Concentration of hydrogen peroxide. Objective: Determine the convergence of hydrogen peroxide and utilize this outcome to realize what number of moles are being disintegrated. 1. Pipet 2. 0mL of hydrogen peroxide into a little Erlenmeyer carafe. Include about 10mL of 4. 0M H2SO4 and 50mL of deionized water. 2. Flush and fill a buret with the potassium permanganate arrangement that was arranged a week ago. 3. Begin to titrate the arrangement. It should remain clear until the end point is reached. The endpoint is the lightest changeless pink shading that endures. 4. Rehash with the goal that you have three exac t preliminaries. 5. Ascertain the convergence of the hydrogen peroxide arrangement. The reasonable substance condition is composed underneath. 2MnO4-(aq) + 5H2O2(aq) + 6H+(aq) ? Mn2+(aq) + 5O2(g) + 8H2O(l) Week Two †Enthalpy of Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide Objective: Use the calorimeter from a week ago to decide the enthalpy of decay of hydrogen peroxide. 1. Include 50. 0mL of hydrogen peroxide to the tared Styrofoam cup utilizing a graduated chamber. 2. Get 10. 0mL of 0. 5M iron(III)nitrate in a graduated chamber. 3. Begin recording the temperature of the hydrogen peroxide arrangement. At the brief imprint, rapidly include the iron nitrate, yet don't record the temperature. 4. At the brief imprint begin recording temperatures again until you arrive at the brief imprint. . Dump out the arrangement, and rehash if time grants. Calorimeter Constant Calculations It is clear to decide the vitality that is picked up or lost when a known mass of water is warmed or cooled. ?E ? 0 ? qsystem ? qsurroundings ? qcalorimeter From the information above, you should plot the temperature of the room temperature water and extrapolate that line out a piece. That will be its underlying temperature (T1). Extrapolate through the focuses subsequent to blending, and this will be its last temperature (T2). From this the warmth picked up by the room temperature water can be determined. qroom ? mass T2 ? T1 Cwater ? This is rehashed for the warm water. Extrapolate the warm water’s temperature through when it is blended. This is will be its underlying temperature (T3). Extrapolate through the focuses subsequent to blending and this will be its last temperature (T2). From this the warmth lost by the warm water can be determined. qwarm ? ? mass T3 ? T2 Cwater ? The Calorimeter consistent will be the distinction between these two. Whatever vitality lost by the warm water ought to have been picked up by the room temperature water, with the exception of what was picked up by the cup. qroom ? qwarm ? qcup ? T2 ? T1 ? ? Ccup ? An example for the plot is beneath. The vertical line is the point at which the two water tests were blended. Blending Curve for Water 42 37 T3 Temp (C) Room Temp Water 32 27 T1 22 0 2 4 6 Time (min) 8 10 12 T2 Warm Water Calculations for the Enthalpy of Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide The arrangement here is for the most part water, and it is accepted to have a particular warmth of 4. 184 J/g? C. There are two things that would assimilate the vitality lost by hydrogen peroxide: the arrangement, and the cup. ? qH 2O2 ? qsolution ? qcup The ‘q’ of the arrangement is determined in a manner like that of water. The time and temperature data should be plotted. The main thing that is distinctive here, is that the temperature of only one thing is being recorded. There may be two temperatures, T1 and T2. qsolution ? ? mass T2 ? T1 ? 4. 184 J ? g ? C ? qcup ? ? Ccup ? ?T2 ? T1 ? Here Ccup was resolved a week ago. To decide the ? H as far as joules per mole, one should separate the vitality by the quantity of moles in the arrangement. moles ? M H ? 2 O2 ? ? Volume ? H 2O2 Report Information taken from this lab incorporated the accompanying. Week One ? Mass of room temperature water ? Mass of cup(s) and mixing bar(s) ? Mass of warm water ? Mass of consolidated water ? Beginning temperatures for water ? Post blending temperatures for water ? Time ? Mass of potassium permanganate ? Volume of potassium permanganate arrangement Week Two ? Volume of hydrogen peroxide arrangement titrated. ? Volume of potassium permanganate utilized. ? Mass of cup and blending bar. ? Mass of hydrogen peroxide ? Mass of blended peroxide and iron ? Temperature preceding blending. ? Temperature in the wake of blending. ? Time From this, one should compute: ? ? ? ? The convergence of potassium permanganate The centralization of hydrogen peroxide (found the middle value of) The calorimeter steady (arrived at the midpoint of) The enthalpy of decay of hydrogen peroxide (found the middle value of) In a 1 †2 page composed report please give the accompanying: ? ? ? A concise 2-3 sentence conceptual portraying the trial and the conclusive outcome. Work enumerating how amounts were resolved. A concise one passage conversation managing the examination of the outcome to the writing estimation of (- 94. 6 kJ/mole). What explicit wellsprings of blunder may represent a contrast between your outcome and the writing esteem.

Splish Splash

Splish Splash Listen to this awesome, late 1950s song. Now try to picture me several years back when I was in junior high. What do you think occupied several of my Saturday mornings after I found an old CD containing Bobby Darins Splish Splash? Teaching myself differential equations while starting my own company? Hehnope. I played Splish Splash, of course. over. and. over. Like I am now, except now Im not dancing to it. After I found this song (and immediately realized how positively musically delicious it is), I forgot about my Saturday morning cartoons a few times and just danced. Life cant get much better than wearing slippery socks on laminate wood floor while blasting out great music from the stereo and pretending to be  becoming the master of a new kind of swing/slide-jazzy dance genre. I was clearly inspired. Really, really inspired. What can I say? Inspiration comes from people who are passionate about something. In my opinion, while being passionate is an individual quality, it hardly focuses just on the individual. Passionate people dont lock themselves up to do what they love; they share what they love with others in hopes that they become inspired. If Bob Darin hadnt been passionate about his music, I would have been far less invigorated those Saturdays ..and speaking of Saturdays and inspiration, check out the massive number of people who were at Lobby 10 this morning/afternoon for  Splash 2011!! From 1st floor:                                                                                           View from the second floor:     Splash is a day-long event in which people at MIT (undergrads, grad students, professors, etc) prepare short classes lasting about one hour. The subject of the class can range anywhere from The Physics of Singing to Build Your Own Solar Rechargeable Lamp to Salsa Dancing. Students in grades 9-12 can sign up for classes and become immersed in and inspired by something that they may have otherwise never even considered or known to exist! If youre in high school and feel like you could be learning more, or are particularly interested in something, I strongly recommend doing a program through the MIT Educational Studies Program  (ESP). I was involved with a similar program back at home at the University of Chicago called Cascade. I would have never learned about topology, game theory, and several other out-of-classroom mathematical topics if it wasnt for the inspired students who decided to be passionate and pass along their knowledge! While Splash 2011 at MIT registration is over, consider signing up for another ESP program because It could be close to home! While programs like Splash originally started at MIT, they have branched out all across the country so that students everywhere can get a chance to get mindblown by the awesomeness that exists in this world. There are programs at Stanford, Northwestern, Duke, UCLA, UMBC and more! Theyre also cheap or even free! (Food, too!!) ;) Its a great way to get excited for college classes. There are classes of ALL KINDS, not just relating to math/science. A lot of programs registration deadlines are coming up! Crazy fun. Enough said. As a freshman here, I am amazed at the opportunities MIT provides its students and students in general! The collaborative and passionate spirit here never fails to make me smile, and its just one of the reasons it makes its rigor extremely worth it. Let yourself become immersed in the music of learning and research the programs that are out there. Take off your shoes and get comfortable.  Happy dancing. Post Tagged #MIT ESP (Educational Studies Program) #Splash

Caffeine, Caffeine And Health Benefits Between Coffee And...

Caffeine Additives in Beverages Many people either enjoy to drink a cup of coffee, an energy drink, or sometimes both. People drink these without any knowledge of them other than the fact that they contain caffeine. How much caffeine do they contain though? Are these drinks even considered to be healthy for humans? There are various differences in the nutritional facts, caffeine absorption, and health benefits between coffee and energy drinks and how they each affect brain function. Black coffee is typically composed of caffeine, potassium, magnesium, manganese, riboflavin, niacin, and low levels of sodium (Coffee Health n.pag). Coffee’s ingredients also depend on the type of added flavors, sugars, etcetera. Coffee contains the excess of about 95 percent water, in moderation, drinking coffee cannot lead to dehydration (Coffee Health n. pag). Though, because coffee contains slightly elevated levels of caffeine in comparison to energy drinks, it impacts the central nervous sy stem more quickly. This means that caffeine will elevate the heart rate more than an energy drink would. Adam Sinicki, from Health Guidance for Better Health, says that because of the caffeine contents, coffee would not be a suitable drink while doing rigorous physical activity. Coffee, like most things, has it’s good and bad sides. Studies have shown that coffee works against the protein said to cause Alzheimer’s disease, lowers risks of some cancers, and may improve response to hepatitis CShow MoreRelatedEssay on A Cup a Day: Why Everyone Should Drink Coffee898 Words   |  4 Pagesconsumes over 70 gallons of coffee per year? If so, you may be included in the 52% of Americans who make up this statistic, and that appreciates coffee as one of the most remarkable beverages in the history of the world. 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Adolf Hitler And The World War II Essay - 1120 Words

Adolf Hitler will forever remain one of the most atrocious figures to ever walk the earth. His deeds of malevolence, such as the torment of the Jews during the Holocaust and the campaign to conquer Europe will be endlessly drilled into student’s heads all around the world. From the eastern to the western world Adolf Hitler will be remembered as one of the most historically evil people to ever set foot on planet earth. Consequently, no one seems to grasp the notion that history itself is written by the victors. Resulting in an agenda to not only vilify, but guarantee that what Adolf Hitler actually accomplished is never repeated again. As a result, no one will dare to mention that during World War 2 Adolf Hitler sought to rid his beloved Germany and the rest of the world of the sovereign class of people also known as the international Jews. These international Jews consist of a dominant class of banking lineages who have controlled every central bank in the world since the 1700s. The founder of the central banking system Nathan Meyer Rothschild stated â€Å"those who control the issuance of money, controls the government!† Thus, these families dominate the world’s economy and therefore have the power to create laws, control the media, and warmonger. Two of the most widely known families of this elite class include the Rothschild’s and Rockefeller’s, but there are thirteen of these families in total. In Hitler Speaks written by Hermann Rauschning, Adolf Hitler states â€Å"The struggleShow MoreRelatedAdolf Hitler And The World War II Essay1653 Words   |  7 Pagesoverwinter. The overthrow marks the stop of Germany s eastward adduce. Introduction The volatility produce in Europe by the First World War (1914-18) regulate the scaffold for another international fight–World War II–which stony-broke out two decades inferior and would try even more withering. 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Science ; Future Free Essays

Much of what IVe said would seem uncontroversial or even platitudinous to the scientifically-attuned audiences here in Newcastle this week. But there’s one thing that scientific advisors in any democratic system must not forget. When really big and long-term policies are in contention – whether about nuclear weapons, nuclear power, drug classification, or health risks – political decisions are seldom purely scientific: they involve ethics, economics and social policies as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Science ; Future or any similar topic only for you Order Now Such discussions hould engage all of us, as citizens – and of course our elected representatives. Sometimes this has happened, and constructively too. The dialogue with parliamentarians led, despite divergent ethical stances, to a generally-admired legal framework on embryos and stem cells – a contrast to what happened in the US. And Lisa Jardine has chaired the HFEA, another fine precedent. But we’ve had failures too: the GM crop debate was left too late – to a time when opinion was already polarised between eco-campaigners on the one side and commercial interests on the other. Scientists have a special responsibility to engage – though they should accept that on the economic, social and ethical aspects of any policy they speak as citizens and not as experts. But despite many worthy efforts, there are habitual grumbles that such inputs don’t have much traction with politicians. For them, the urgent trumps the important. The local trumps the global. And getting re-elected trumps almost everything. Anything that gets headlined in the media, or makes their postbag bulge, will get attention. It’s volume not quality that counts. So scientists might have more leverage on politicians indirectly – by publicising their research and letting the media do the campaigning – rather than by more official and direct channels. This is one reason – over and above the general cultural value of our findings – why â€Å"outreach† by scientists is important. And there are special things universities teachers can do. We’re privileged to have influence over successive generations of students. We should try to sensitise them to the issues that will confront them in their careers – ndeed, polls show, unsurprisingly, that younger people who expect to survive most of the century, are more engaged and anxious about long-term issues. We fret too much about minor hazards of everyday life: improbable air crashes, carcinogens in food, low radiation doses, and so forth. But the wide public is in denial about two kinds of threats: those that we’re causing collectively to the biosphere, and those that stem from the greater vulnerability of our interconnected world to error or terror induced by individuals or small groups. The issues impel us to plan internationally (for nstance, whether or not a pandemic gets global grip may hinge, for instance, on how quickly a Vietnamese poultry farmer can report any strange sickness). And many of them – energy and climate change, for instance, involve multi-decade timescales – plainly far outside the â€Å"comfort zone† of most politicians. One issue that should be addressed is whether nations need to give up more sovereignty to new organisations along the lines of IAEA, WHO, etc. Final message Unlike our 17th century forebears who I cited at the beginning of this talk, we know a reat deal about our world – and indeed about what lies beyond. Technologies that our ancestors couldn’t nave conceived enrich our lives and our understanding. Many phenomena still make us fearful, but the advance of science spares us from irrational dread. We know that we are stewards of a precious â€Å"pale blue dot† in a vast cosmos – a planet with a future measured in billions of years, whose fate depends on humanitys collective actions. But all too often the focus is parochial and short term. We downplay what’s happening even now in impoverished far-away countries. And we discount too heavily the problems we’ll leave for our grandchildren. We can truly be techno-optimists. But the intractable politics and sociology – the gap between potentialities and what actually happens – engenders pessimism. We need a change in priorities and perspective – and soon – if we are to navigate the challenges of the 21st century: to share the benefits of globalisation, to prioritise clean energy, and sustainable agriculture; and to handle the Promethian challenge posed by ever more powerful technology. To survive this century, we’ll need the idealistic and effective efforts of natural scientists, environmentalists, social scientists and humanists. They must be guided by the insights that 21st century science will offer, but inspired by values that science itself can’t provide. And I give the last word to a great scientist who was himself once the president of the BA – the biologist Peter Medawar: The bells that toll for mankind are like the bells of Alpine cattle. They are attached to our own necks, and it must be our fault if they do not make a tuneful and melodious sound. How to cite Science ; Future, Papers

Main Themes in The Glass Menagerie Essay Example

Main Themes in The Glass Menagerie Paper Tenesse Williams The Glass Menagerie is a play presenting a story of the Wingfield family and their struggles. Set in St. Louis during the Great Depression, the play revolves around Amanda and her adult children, Tom and Laura, struggling to make ends meet in a St. Louis apartment. Numerous themes are incorporated in this play, and amongst the more prominent themes are those of individuals trapped by circumstances and struggling between illusions and reality, impossibility of true escape, and loneliness of humans. These themes are clearly portrayed through the characters of the play, each lonely, struggling to survive, to escape reality through illusions. Perhaps the most dominant theme in The Glass Menagerie is that of human failure, the frustration of individuals trapped by circumstances. All the characters in the play are palpably doomed from the very start, unable to ever have a truly happy life in this harsh world. They all struggle to survive in a world that gives them no reason to exist, and though their attempts will allow them to survive for a time, they will never truly triumph. Hence Amanda Wingfield clings to her Southern background, a past of servants, jonquils, and gentlemen callers, and in the meantime puts hope into the future of her children, of a steady job for Tom and a husband to support Laura. In this attempt to pull her life and family together, she consequently causes the eventual destruction of her family. Tom Wingfield cuts of all ties binding him to his family and leaves to pursue his dreams of adventure and poetry, but at the very end he discovers that the outside world is no more sympathetic. We will write a custom essay sample on Main Themes in The Glass Menagerie specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Main Themes in The Glass Menagerie specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Main Themes in The Glass Menagerie specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The biggest failure of them all is perhaps Laura Wingfield, an extremely introverted world who refuses to come out of her shell of inferiority. Although the newly kindled feelings for the gentleman caller encourages her to temporarily emerge from her shell, the consequent confession of his engagement shatters any remaining hope in her and only serves to push her deeper into her world of introversion. Lauras situation is undoubtedly a clear epitome of tragedy, an example of an individual trapped in such cruel circumstances. Even Jim, the gentleman caller, is a failure. He has not achieved much in life despite shooting with such velocity through his adolescence, having ran into more interference since his graduation from Soldan. His speed has definitely slowed. Jim now struggles to regain his velocity by investing his hopes in the future of the American Dream, but this, too, is a huge gamble and his efforts could only prove to be in vain. As a result of their struggles and failures, the characters resort to illusions to protect them from the oppressive and destructive reality, hence another important theme in the play. As previously mentioned, Amanda clings to her past as a Southern Belle, and her illusionary world is the world of her youth when she lived a carefree life as a girl. She attempts to restore her Southern aristocracy by retaining her style of conversations, mannerisms and appearances, also trying to relive it through Laura, by getting her to stay fresh and pretty- for gentlemen callers and refusing to admit that Lauras crippled and weird in the eyes of others, insisting Dont say crippled! Dont say weird! , choosing instead to believe that when te gentleman caller will fall for Laura when he sees how lovely and sweet and pretty she is. Meanwhile, Laura retreats to her glass menagerie, her beautiful yet fragile world of little glass animals. In this world, the special glass unicorn gets along nicely with the other normal horses, in contrast to Lauras social isolation due to her weirdness. Tom escapes to his world of movies and the bars to escape from his daily life of a nagging mother and a boring job at a shoe factory, and Jim, the supposed emissary from a world of reality, is too, trapped in the memories of his high school glory and the hopes for the American Dream of future opportunities, confidently declaring Knowledge Zzzzzp! Money Zzzzzzp! Power! Thats the cycle democracy is built on! Finally, the world outside the Wingfield apartment is no different. To get away from the hardships of the Great Depression and world conflict, the Americans indulge in hot swing music and liquor, dance halls, bars, and movies, and sex that hung in the gloom like a chandelier and flooded the world with brief, deceptive rainbows. Thus, in their exploitation of illusions to cope with reality, the Wingfields become a kind of microcosm for the entire country. The Glass Menagerie identifies the conquest of reality by illusion as a huge and growing aspect of the human condition in its time. The loneliness of human beings is a recurring theme in Williams works and is also clearly portrayed through the characters of The Glass Menagerie. Since being abandoned by her husband, all Amanda has left is her family. Despite having each other as family, each of them is alone in a sense. Amanda clearly loves her children, but she lacks understanding and is unable to communicate her feelings and thoughts to them, stating to Tom, theres so many things in my heart that I cant describe to you. As a result the family ties become strained and gradually the family falls apart, leaving her to be more alone than ever. Vice versa, Tom is also lonely because he is unable to make Amanda understand him, claiming to Amandas comment Thats true of me too. . Being a poet, he is trapped in his own world and is unable to communicate with even his family, let alone establish any worthwhile relationships with his co-workers. His loneliness increases when he discovers the world outside is no more understanding towards him than the world within his family. As for Laura, she has never been able to successfully communicate with anyone due to her introverted nature and inferiority complex, admitting I never had much luck at making friends; hence loneliness is more natural to her. Her thwarted chance at happiness with Jim as well as Toms abandonment gives her only deeper loneliness. In a way, Williams is trying to convey that humans are all essentially alone. Hence, the themes of individuals trapped under circumstances, the use of illusions to combat reality, as well as the inevitable loneliness of humans, are clearly presented in Tenesse Williams The Glass Menagerie. These themes are prevalent in the plight of the characters, palpable in their tragedies, individual worlds of illusions, and their loneliness due to inability to communicate with each other. Hence the combination of these results in a delicate and meaningful play, an expert yet sympathetic observation of human nature.